Big Chief Monk Boudreaux

The New Orleans Mardi Gras Indian phenomenon is part music, part heritage, part ancestry, part revelry, part fashion, and oft misunderstood. Chief Monk Boudreaux is one of the most famous and enduring leaders of that culture and head of the Golden Eagle Mardi Gras Indian tribe. He admitted that he shared those feelings of confusion related to those traditions that he embraced long before he fully grasped them. “My dad used to mask as an Indian,” he recalled. “We would get up at 4 o’clock in the morning, help him make his dress, watch him when he’d leave, stay out there, and wait for him to come back. As I got older, I started wondering why he was doing that. I never asked, but I knew there had to be a reason. “Then I started building up my own Indian suit. I was 12 years old. My dad had stopped, so I went with another tribe. I was chief scout the first year. The second year I was spyboy. It’s a feeling you can’t explain, because it’s something deep inside of you.” Boudreaux noted that his elders never spoke of the history of their traditions. “The older people didn’t talk about it. They were scared that if someone found out they were Indians, they would send them off to the reservations. Mardi Gras day was the only day that you could come out and be who you really were. My grandmother—my mother’s mom—she was on her dying bed. She called mom and said, ‘Tell Joseph not to leave until I get there.’ That’s when she told me we were Choctaw Indians. I was 27 or 28 years old at that time. Then I knew why I was doing it.” Indeed, the history of the Mardi Gras Indian culture in New Orleans is complex, and accounts of its origins are sometimes inconsistent. An affinity shared between Native American and African American people, both of whom were enslaved and persecuted at various times in the city’s history, was clearly a driving force in those origins and the mixing of their cultures. Both ethnic groups also share an appreciation of tradition, and the unique New Orleans Mardi Gras Indian music, costumes, and rituals are a melding of influences from both cultures. The costumes provide a spectacular visual backdrop that comes from the detailed and devoted efforts of the participants. Boudreaux explained the effort involved in preparing those costumes. “You start off with a piece of canvas,” he explained. “You find a picture that you really like or you can draw something out of your imagination. You draw it on the canvas, and then you start beading. Just as if you were coloring something, you outline it. After you outline it you start filling in the colors. Then you go around it with rhinestones and start filling it out. “You cut a jacket out of canvas, then you cover it with velvet. You line it with satin. You start putting your patches on. Then you make ruffles out of velvet, and start going around your patches with velvet ruffles. And that’s it!” Boudreaux confided that the costumes take about eight or nine months to complete. One of the greatest concerns regarding the continuity of the Mardi Gras Indian tradition is whether subsequent generations will have the patience and devotion required to preserve it. As for the music, Boudreaux was at first influenced by his elders in the neighborhood. “All lot of the older men in the neighborhood used to sing every day,” said Boudreaux. “Ernie Benson, the blues singer, used to live in the neighborhood. His dad used to sing every day. I would come home from school, sit on the step, and listen to him sing. Another old man would sing everywhere he went. I would just walk behind him and listen.” In terms of celebrities, one memorable star sparked his interest in pursuing music in a more dedicated manner. “When I was a kid, the first person that I heard that really inspired me about music was Al Jolson. I was real young then—about seven or eight years old. I used to just love to hear that man sing.” As he became involved with the Indians, one of his mentors taught him a number of songs with the realization that he would one day be the chief. Soon thereafter, Boudreaux realized that he had a gift in terms of both performance and creativity. “I started off singing Indian songs,” he said. “Later on I realized that I could sing just about anything that I wanted to. I could create my own music, and lyrics just come to me. If something stays on my mind, I can make a song out of it.” Boudreaux is known for his long-time collaboration with Big Chief Bo Dollis and the Wild Magnolia group, though he left the group nearly a decade ago to form the Golden Eagle Mardi Gras Indians. His latest album Rising Sun is a collaboration with Reverend Goat Carson, a professed “Renegade Cherokee.” As one might expect, the musical influences are diverse. “It’s like a gumbo,” said Boudreaux. “There’s a little bit of everything in it.” Like so much of New Orleans music, an essential element is the appropriate rhythm that evokes participation from the audience. “I have them hoppin’ and jumpin’ and havin’ a good time,” Boudreaux laughed. “Because they love the music and they love what I do. You can tell how they’re feeling by their reaction.” He has found that great music can induce such emotions even with reluctant participants. “If you sit down and listen to Indian music and it’s got the right beat, it does something to you,” he added. “One time I was performing at a club in New York. A guy told me, ‘Monk, do you realize what you’ve done? You’ve got people dancing that don’t dance.’” The New Orleans Jazz & Heritage Festival has increased the visibility of the music of the Mardi Gras Indians, a fitting reward, given their integral role in the festival during its infancy. “We started Jazz Fest from day one,” said Boudreaux. “Quint (Davis, the Director of Jazz Fest) had us going out in the French Quarter to get people to come back to Jazz Fest. There are a lot of people at Jazz Fest looking for talent, and I’ve gotten a lot of gigs from that. It’s been happening for a long time.” Like many artists, Boudreaux finds music to be a cathartic tool and a vehicle of expression in post-Katrina New Orleans. “The music now is more powerful. A lot of guys came back to be here where they were born into this music. And they’re putting everything they have into it. You can play your music somewhere else, but you won’t have that feeling that you have in New Orleans. Because this is where the music was born.” Music has also become a vehicle for raising awareness of the plight of coastal erosion, a dynamic that contributed to the devastation caused by Hurricane Katrina, accelerated in its aftermath. Boudreaux joined forces with blues guitarist and singer/songwriter Tab Benoit and an all-star band of musicians in the project “Voice of the Wetlands.” The group recorded and performed songs aimed at raising awareness of this issue that is central to the viability of the region. “Reuben Williams, my manager, is Tab’s manager also. When I start singing, Tab gets up there and starts playing guitar like he’s been doing this music all of his life. We did two albums for Voice of the Wetlands to let people know what’s happening down here.” Boudreaux closed by passing on a message to Jazz Fest visitors regarding the never-ending access to music and celebration during the festival period. “If you’re looking for a good time, then New Orleans is the place to be. And Jazz Fest is really the place to be. When Jazz Fest is over, you can go to any club and they’ll be getting’ down. There’s no ending.” DISCOGRAPHY Solo1988 The Golden Eagles/Lightning & Thunder (Rounder) 2002 Bury the Hatchet (Shanachie) with Anders Osborne 2003 Mr. Stranger Man (Shanachie) [edit] With the Wild Magnolias1974 The Wild Magnolias (Barclay) 1975 They Call Us Wild (Barclay) 1990 I'm Back… at Carnival Time (Rounder) 1996 1313 Hoodoo Street (AIM) 1999 Life Is a Carnival (Metro Blue) 2002 30 Years .. And Still WILD! (spacing, punctuation, type case sic) (AIM) [edit] Other1992 The Mardi Gras Indians Super Sunday Showdown (Rounder) 2005 Voice of the Wetlands (Rykodisc) 2006 The New Orleans Social Club/Sing Me Back Home (Burgundy) 2007 Goin' Home: A Tribute to Fats Domino (Vanguard) www.bigchiefmonk.com